Public buildings The functional problems of include the following main aspects:
Space composition, functional zoning, people flow organization and evacuation, as well as space measurement, shape and physical environment (quantity, shape and quality). The prominent focus is the nature of the use of architectural space and streamline activities.
(1) Space composition of public buildings
Although the use nature and type of various public buildings are different, they can be divided into three parts: the main use part, the secondary use part (or auxiliary part) and the traffic connection part. In the design, we should first grasp the relationship of these three major parts for arrangement and combination, and solve various contradictory problems one by one to obtain the rationality and perfection of the functional relationship. In the composition of these three parts, the allocation of traffic connection space often plays a key role.
The traffic connection part can generally be divided into three basic spatial forms: horizontal traffic, vertical traffic and hub traffic.
1) Key points of horizontal traffic space layout:
It should be straightforward, avoid twists and turns, closely connected with each part of the space, and should have good lighting and lighting. For example, walkways.
2) Key points of vertical traffic space layout:
The location and quantity shall be determined according to the functional requirements and fire protection requirements. It shall be close to the traffic hub, evenly arranged, primary and secondary, and suitable for the number of people.
3) Transport hub space
Easy to use, decent space, reasonable structure, proper decoration, economical and effective. Both the use function and the creation of space artistic conception should be considered.
In the design of public buildings, considering the collection and distribution of people, the transformation of direction, the transition of space, and the connection with corridors, stairs and other spaces, it is necessary to arrange space in the form of vestibules, hallways and other forms to play the role of transportation hub and space transition.
The design of the entrance and exit of the hall is mainly based on two requirements: first, the requirements for use, and second, the requirements for space processing.
(2) Functional zoning of public buildings
The concept of functional zoning is to classify spaces according to different functional requirements, and to combine and divide them according to the closeness of their connections;
The principles of functional zoning are:
The division is clear, the contact is convenient, and the relationship between primary and secondary, internal and external, noisy and quiet is reasonably arranged to make each get its own place; At the same time, the location shall be arranged according to the sequence of people flow activities according to the actual use requirements. The main space should be the core of space combination and division, and the arrangement of secondary space should be conducive to the play of main space functions; The space for external contact should be close to the traffic hub, and the space for internal use should be relatively hidden; The connection and isolation of space should be properly handled on the basis of in-depth analysis.
(3) People evacuation in public buildings
The evacuation of people flow can be divided into normal and emergency situations; Normal evacuation can also be divided into continuous (such as shops), centralized (such as theaters) and mixed (such as exhibition halls). Emergency evacuation is centralized.
The evacuation of people in public buildings is required to be unobstructed. The buffer zone at the hub should be considered. If necessary, it can be properly dispersed to prevent excessive crowding. Continuous activities should be separated from population. Evacuation time shall be fully considered and traffic capacity shall be calculated according to fire prevention specifications.
(4) The regulation of function on the quantity, shape and quality of a single space
The size, capacity, shape of a single space and the conditions of lighting, ventilation, sunshine, lighting, ventilation, temperature, humidity, etc.) are the basic factors of suitability. They are also important aspects of building function, and should be comprehensively considered in the design.
