When it comes to cities, the impression is that buildings, especially those landmark buildings, are usually urban Public buildings 。 Public buildings It refers to the buildings for people to carry out various public activities.
It generally includes office buildings, commercial buildings, tourism buildings, science, education, culture and health buildings, communication buildings, transportation buildings, etc. With the development of urbanization, public buildings have become an indispensable part of urban planning and construction.
All kinds of public buildings first realize their significance at the level of building use with their basic functions. For example, hospitals are special places for disease treatment, schools are special places for teaching and educating people, airports and railway stations are comprehensive distribution centers of a large urban transportation hub... Although the nature and type of use of various public buildings are different, they can be divided into three parts: the main use part, the secondary use part (or auxiliary part) and the traffic connection part.
In the design, there are strict requirements for its space composition, functional zoning, people flow organization and evacuation, as well as space measurement, shape and physical environment. For example, for hospitals, the main use parts of general general hospitals are outpatient buildings, inpatient department buildings, etc., the auxiliary parts are administrative office buildings and medical supplies warehouses, etc., and the traffic connection part is the main entrance and exit for the hospital to establish contact with the outside world.
During the design, the overall building scale of the hospital is generally designed according to the scope of residential areas covered by the hospital, the medical level and the patient scale corresponding to the size of the medical team; Then, the layout of each building, space design and functional zoning design of the interior of the building are carried out in combination with the classification of hospital departments, the layout of important medical equipment, and the requirements of some diseases on medical operation zoning and processes;
In addition, local design should take into account the particularity of medical use. For example, the main entrance and exit of the emergency building must connect with the main traffic arteries in the urban area, and there must be enough space in front of the building for ambulances to access; For example, the elevator must be large enough to accommodate the ambulance transfer bed, etc.
In addition to buildings, there are also streets, traffic and people's activities in a city. The degree of harmony between urban public buildings and the whole city is very important, because it is not only an important place for citizens to live, but also a carrier of urban cultural characteristics. It is an organic combination of cities and buildings, and interacts with urban public life. Its architectural attributes are reflected in function, form and property rights, while its urban attributes are reflected in the publicity and relatively independent integrity of its space in the use process.
Therefore, urban public buildings should not only meet their basic functions at the architectural level, but also assume some urban functions in combination with their own characteristics.
Cultural function
Urban public buildings are characterized by large scale and strong landscape landmark, which often become landmarks of a certain area or even the whole city, or bear regional historical and cultural significance. Public buildings not only affect the pattern of urban space, but also affect the texture of urban culture.
Some public buildings with specific cultural functions are the direct inheritors of urban culture. The accumulation and growth of urban culture they directly present is the most direct way for the public to perceive urban culture, such as art galleries, museums, and libraries.
In addition, the publicity of public buildings means openness and multi participation, and its space is integrated with various elements of urban culture, which can be seen as the connection of multiple relationships, connecting the past and the present, connecting different ideas, connecting different people, and promoting the integration and growth of urban culture.
For example, the Shenzhen Library, located in the administrative and cultural center of Shenzhen and south of the beautiful Lotus Mountain, is one of the key cultural facilities in Shenzhen and a large-scale comprehensive public library integrating popularity, research and digitalization.
At the beginning of its completion in 1986, it covers an area of 22000 square meters, with a building area of 13000 square meters. This library has accompanied Shenzhen people for 20 years from 1992 to 2012. The old library has ended its historical mission. The new library is located in the administrative center of Shenzhen, with a total construction area of nearly 50000 square meters, a designed collection capacity of 4 million volumes, and an average daily reception capacity of 8000 readers.
The new building is designed by the world famous Japanese architect Mr. Yoshizaki, and together with the concert hall, it forms the Shenzhen Cultural Center.
Economic function
The involvement of public buildings in urban life will certainly bring vitality to the buildings, diversify the functions of the buildings in the area where they are located, and attract sufficient passenger flow. Its public gathering effect is conducive to advertising, and plays a positive role in the regional commercial property income. This is also an important reason why public buildings are usually built in urban commercial or cultural center buildings.
One of the characteristics of public buildings is the openness of their public space. This feature also provides convenience for people to carry out social exchanges and business publicity. It is worth mentioning that for shopping malls, office buildings and other buildings, they are usually incomplete public spaces with private institutions. They are part of commercial properties and provide auxiliary functions for the promotion of the value of commercial properties. The economic functions of these spaces are different from the open spaces of public buildings. The economic function of public buildings is usually recessive and has the characteristics of leading and driving.
Take Shenzhen Library as an example. Its location is surrounded by three subway lines (Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4), with convenient transportation; To the north, there is the beautiful Lotus Mountain with unique natural conditions; To the south is an orderly commercial and business area. In the mid-1990s, when Shenzhen Municipal Planning and Construction Department planned Futian Central District, it placed Futian CBD here.
In the document Industrial Development Report of the Central Business District (2018) - CBD Promoting High Quality and Coordinated Development of Regions, "Shenzhen Futian District's CBD comprehensive development index ranks fourth, and ranks first with total tax revenue of 111.1 billion yuan, becoming China's" golden "CBD." Therefore, the choice of commercial and commercial properties has some connection with public buildings, and the impact of public buildings on commercial and office areas can be seen.
Because public buildings usually have the characteristics of large structural span and good seismic performance, and at the same time, these public buildings are generally equipped with complete infrastructure such as fire protection, power supply, water supply, sanitation, and some are also equipped with monitoring, communication and other equipment. Public buildings have natural advantages in disaster prevention and refuge. Most public buildings are densely populated places, and once a disaster occurs, it is very easy to cause the adverse consequences of group casualties, so the buildings as shelters should have higher requirements in disaster resistance.
China's Code for Design of Disaster Prevention Refuge Places (GB51143-2015) has greatly improved the seismic fortification requirements for refuge buildings. In addition to earthquake resistance and strong storm and rain protection, sewage discharge and public health should also be considered to avoid other problems caused by crowd concentration. The function of public buildings as places of refuge is increasingly valued. For example, in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Jiuzhou Stadium played a huge role; In 2019, when the typhoon Shanzhu was raging, various districts of Shenzhen launched several schools as shelters; When the COVID-19 caused the closure of Wuhan in 2020, many stadiums and gymnasiums in Wuhan were rapidly transformed into shelter hospitals for centralized treatment of patients
To sum up, public buildings in a city not only have their own functions, but also have multiple functions, such as cultural functions, economic functions, and shelter functions. Together, they perfectly interpret the status and role of public buildings in a city, making public buildings organically integrated with urban life and becoming an inseparable part of people's life.
